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Today’s food and agricultural systems are closely linked to pressing challenges for sustainable human life. Longer-term policy-making is seriously needed. Urban decision-makers have considerable power to shape the food and agricultural sector by, among other things, changing public food procurements towards greater sustainability. The aim of this comparative study is to explain variation in the ambitiousness of policy targets and the successful implementation of urban food policies in the cities of Zurich, Munich and Nuremberg. I conducted an in-depth process-tracing analysis of the mechanisms behind the adoption and implementation of 13 sustainable food procurement regulations officially adopted by the city councils from 2003 to 2014. In all 13 cases, high electoral safety, credible expectations of long-term policy benefits and high executive institutional capacity are necessary conditions for the adoption of long-term policies. However, they do not explain variation in target’s ambition and implementation’s success. Based on theory-building process-tracing, I argue that the variation in the degree of adoption and implementation success of long-term policies can be explained by five policy process and design features: 1. deliberative and corporatist governance mechanisms, 2. a high level of central coordination for crosscutting policy implementation, 3. involvement of decision-makers in policy networks, 4. strong use of evidence-based instruments, 5. bundling of short-term and long-term benefits.
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One way to overcome some of the limitations of traditional rural development policies is the commitment to alternative agrofood models based on agroecology and food sovereignty. The agroecological transition processes intend, among other things, to activate two fundamental dimensions: the recovery of traditional ecological knowledge and the articulation of alternative food networks, and they need a networked organizational system supported, if possible, by local institutions. In the Spanish case, in recent years more and more public administrations have been implementing local food policies, with paradigms that are relatively distant from the hegemonic agro-food model. In the present text we analyzed how the processes of agroecological transition can contribute to activate and/or reinvent a cultural heritage capable of mobilizing actors’ networks in the territory, and how these processes can modify, in turn, the functioning of certain local institutions introducing participative spaces and hybrid forums of collective action.
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